Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that originate in the tissues of the head and neck region, including the oral cavity (mouth), throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), salivary glands, nose, sinuses, and lymph nodes in the neck. These cancers can arise from various types of cells, including squamous cells (which line the inside of the mouth, throat, and other structures), glandular cells, and other specialized cells.

Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy: This minimally invasive endoscopic procedure offers a comprehensive view of the nasal cavity, voice box, and throat. Utilizing a flexible, illuminated endoscope, abnormal cells are meticulously examined with the aid of topical anesthesia. Precise images are captured, aiding in the evaluation and diagnosis process.

Head MRI: Employing powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses, head MRI delivers intricate images of the head and neck's internal structures. Renowned for its sensitivity, MRI stands as a pivotal imaging tool in clinical practice, offering unparalleled insight into potential abnormalities.

CT of the Sinuses and Head: Cutting-edge CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavities, and head structures. These scans are pivotal in detecting sinus and nasal cavity cancers, facilitating precise treatment planning and surgical interventions.

Panoramic Dental X-ray and Dental Cone Beam CT: Dental imaging techniques capture comprehensive views of oral structures, aiding in the detection of oral cancers. Cone beam CT technology further enhances three-dimensional visualization, ensuring precise targeting of radiation treatments.

PET/CT: This advanced imaging fusion combines PET and CT scans to pinpoint abnormal metabolic activity, crucial for detecting and assessing head and neck cancers. PET/CT scans play a pivotal role in treatment planning, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and detecting cancer recurrence.

Chest Imaging: Given the propensity for head and neck cancers to metastasize to the lungs, chest imaging such as x-rays or CT scans is crucial. These tests help evaluate lung health and detect any potential spread of cancer.

Biopsy: When initial tests indicate potential abnormalities, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis. Biopsies involve the removal of tissue for examination, with various methods available, including fine needle aspiration (FNA) guided by imaging techniques like ultrasound, x-ray, CT, or MRI.

Typical symptoms often include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, a mouth sore that will not heal, and a hoarse voice. Other symptoms depend on the location of the cancer, but often may include:

• Unexplained bleeding in the mouth
• Red or white patches in the mouth
• Swelling of the jaw
• Difficulty opening the mouth
• Ear pain
• Pain when swallowing
• Difficulty breathing and/or speaking
• Frequent headaches
• Chronic sinus infections
• Teeth pain, sore gums, loose teeth
• Unexplained nose bleeds
• Facial numbness or paralysis
• Hearing loss
• Painless mass in the neck